Phenotypic trait of Crassostrea hongkongensis♀× C. angulata♂ hybrids in southern China

The Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) are important aquaculture species in southern China. To understand the potential feasibility of hybridization between the two species, two‐by‐two factorial cross‐experiments were conducted in Shenzhen (Guangdong province). An asymmetry in fertilization was revealed: C. hongkongensis eggs could be fertilized by C. angulata sperm, but the reciprocal cross was not possible. The fertilization and hatching success in the C. hongkongensis females × C. angulata males (HA) cross was lower than the two intraspecific crosses. Moreover, hybrid larvae had a slower growth rate than those from parental progenies due to genome incompatibility. However, the size of the spat and adult growth were greater than those of the two parental progeny, with obvious heterosis during the grow‐out stage. The survival advantage of hybrids was examined at all times. The surprising finding was that all hybrids were completely fertile, meaning they could produce normal and functional gametes. Genetic analysis by molecular markers was applied to confirm that the HA spat were true hybrids. Our results revealed that the interspecific hybridization between C. hongkongensis and C. angulata is completely successful in one direction. Furthermore, hybrids are viable, fast growing and completely fertile, which provides a promising method for the genetic improvement of oysters as a new aquaculture stock in southern China.     

6-9月秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源的空间异质性研究

根据2003-2012年6-9月(2005年数据缺失)秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔获数据,利用全局和局部自相关性分析,结合半变异函数模型,探讨秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布的异质性特点,并寻找影响茎柔鱼空间分布的关键环境因子。研究认为:(1)全局自相关统计量Moran’s I和局部自相关统计量Getis-Ord Gi*的Z得分结果显示,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼呈斑块状中等程度的聚集分布,7月份的聚集性强;(2)趋势性分析认为,6-9月茎柔鱼资源在南北方向上基本都呈现出南低北高的变化趋势,而东西方向上均呈现出中间高两端低的分布趋势;(3)6、8月份的最优模型为高斯模型,7月份的最优模型为球状模型,9月份的最优模型为指数模型,6-9月份的块金系数分别为41.33%、24.66%、25.89%和35.42%,其反映了中等程度自相关性,与全局自相关的分析结果一致;(4)相关性检验认为,秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源局部聚集分布主要是受到海表面高度的影响。对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源分布空间异质性的研究,对揭示其栖息地分布及其生态学意义具有一定的作用。     

杨圆蚧发生地虫情调查及防治

[目的]为掌握杨圆蚧发生地虫情及防治杨圆蚧提供可靠依据。[方法]在付家林场各分场进行实地考察,于5月末在杨圆蚧发生比较重的新立分场进行了踏查,并对重点地块进行了抽样调查。[结果]杨园蚧是一种危害树木树干的害虫,近年来在昌图付家地区危害频发,并呈现逐年扩散和蔓延趋势。[结论]结合杨圆蚧形态特征和生物学特性,提出具体防治措施,为有效防治杨圆蚧大面积发生提供有效保证。     

葡萄牙牡蛎的净化及其低温贮藏研究

为保证生食葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)的安全,在贝水比1∶10、水交换率3次/h、水温28℃、盐度28的条件下,采用流水式紫外线杀菌方法净化48 h,检测净化前后13个卫生指标的变化;净化后的牡蛎在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)两种条件下贮藏7 d以上;检测贮藏过程中菌落总数、大肠菌群和主要营养成分的变化。结果显示,经过48 h净化,菌落总数和大肠菌群含量均大幅下降,重金属、化学污染物等指标变化不大;两种贮藏条件下,菌落总数和大肠菌群都呈先下降再上升的变化,但始终处于安全水平内;蛋白质、脂肪、糖原含量缓慢下降,乳酸含量快速上升。研究表明,葡萄牙牡蛎在紫外线杀菌净化48 h后,至少在冷藏6 d或冷冻11 d内可以保证食品安全。     

A partial substitution of microalgae with single cell detritus produced from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) for the nursery culture of tropical oyster (Crassostrea belcheri)

Oyster seed production in hatchery and nursery systems has relied on the production of microalgae, which is cost effective, but often unpredictable. The development of a satisfactory substitute diet would greatly reduce production costs of hatchery operations. Single cell detritus (SCD) production from seaweed (Porphyra haitanensis) may have great potential as a partial substitute for microalgae. In this experiment, a technique for producing SCD was developed and the product was used as a partial substitute for microalgae for the nursery culture of juvenile tropical oysters (Crassostrea belcheri) in a hatchery setting. A reverse osmosis technique was used on ground seaweed (particle size <200 μm) immersed in freshwater and placed on a shaker at 100 rpm for 2 h before being returned to seawater. This technique was shown to be highly effective for SCD production with a density of 33.7 ± 7.0 × 10⁴ cell mL^?1 and the percentage of SCD particle diameter <20 μm was 89.2%. A partial replacement of microalgae with SCD was found to be unsuitable for nursing oyster larvae. For juvenile oysters (shell width 1.85 ± 0.03 mm and shell length 1.78 ± 0.06 mm) substituting 75% of microalgae with SCD showed lower absolute shell growth, and lower daily yields and survival rates when compared to rates substituting 50% or lower substitution with SCD, or 100% microalgae (P < 0.05). It was found that substituting 50% of the traditional microalgae with SCD produced from seaweed (P. haitanensis) can be used as a partial microalgae substitute for the nursery culture of the juvenile tropical oyster.     

茶麸对福寿螺室内毒杀试验

[目的]为田间茶麸防治福寿螺提供依据。[方法]采用不同用量茶麸,在不同施用方法和不同温度下对福寿螺进行毒杀作用试验,探求最佳的施用方法、最经济的施用量和最好的毒杀效果。[结果]比较理想的福寿螺毒杀方法是:在气温比较高条件下(30℃以上),用开水浸泡茶麸,以2000倍的茶麸浸出液浸泡毒杀福寿螺。[结论]茶麸浸出液对福寿螺有很好的毒杀效果。     

智利外海茎柔鱼资源密度分布与渔场环境的关系

根据2006年4-6月我国鱿钓船对东南太平洋智利外海茎柔鱼探捕所获资料,采用效能比方法,对茎柔鱼资源密度指标CPUE值进行了估算.分析表明,整个探捕海域均有茎柔鱼分布,且资源密度较高,但不同区域资源密度有所差异.南部区域(78°30'～84°W,37°30'～41°S),CPUE范围为0.4～10.3尾/线·h,平均2.8尾/线·h,高CPUE(5.0尾/线·h以上)区域分布在79°～79°30'W、40°～40°30'S附近.北部区域(76°～78°W,28°～30°S),CPUE范围为1.0～5.6尾/线·h,平均3.1尾/线·h,高CPUE(5.0尾/线·h以上)区域分布在28°30'S、77°W附近.南部和北部区域的温盐结构差异显著,南部区域各层的水温和盐度均低于北部区域相应水层.经分析,南部区域CPUE与上层(25～75 m)水温和深水层(300～325 m)盐度的关系较为密切,北部区域CPUE与深层水温(150～250 m)和盐度的关系较为密切.     

升温与聚苯乙烯微塑料复合暴露对长牡蛎血细胞功能、免疫基因表达和能量代谢的影响

为阐明全球气候变暖和微塑料复合胁迫对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)免疫应答、氧化应激和能量代谢的影响，本研究采用3个微塑料(microplastics, MPs)水平[无微塑料、小粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(SPS-MPs,6μm)和大粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(LPS-MPs,50～60μm)]和2个温度水平(20℃和25℃)对长牡蛎进行了为期21 d的单一和复合暴露，检测分析了各组长牡蛎血细胞功能[吞噬活性、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量]、糖原含量以及免疫相关基因表达的变化。研究结果表明，SPS-MPs暴露能增加长牡蛎血淋巴细胞中ROS含量，降低血细胞吞噬活性，揭示SPS-MPs毒性作用更强。升温与微塑料的协同作用增加了长牡蛎消化腺组织中的糖原含量。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，升温与SPS-MPs复合暴露组长牡蛎消化腺组织通过上调热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein90, HSP90)、核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB, IκB)和p53基因表达量进行免疫应答；升温与微塑料的拮抗作用增加了鳃组织p53基...     

饵料种类及水质对大瓶螺仔螺生存影响的初步研究

通过在小水族缸中饲养大瓶螺试验，表明：米糠、油菜饼、浮萍等饵料的饵料系数分别为５．５１３、１８．９４８、１４．４１０；使用米糠喂养时仔螺生长速率最快，浮萍次之。养殖水体交接时间间隔过长，水体ＰＨ值和铵氮含量上升，溶解氧浓度下降，大瓶螺对腐败的水体有较强适应能力。     

昆虫生长调节剂抑食肼防治杨圆蚧和柳蛎盾蚧

抑食肼是一种昆虫生长调节剂．对杨圆蚧和柳蛎盾蚧具有特效．对天改安全。使用1％～2％抑食肼油剂防治两蚧固定著虫的药效在90％～98％：防治柳蛎盾蚧卵的药效在94％～98％．使用25％押食肼可湿性粉剂100～200ug／g．防治柳蛎盾蚧初孵著虫的药效在91％～96％。押食肼油剂具有内吸和胃毒作用并具有速效．特效．为蚧虫的防治提供一种理想，安全、经济和高教的新型杀蚧剂。